pengertian job design adalah suatu pendekatan didalam suatu pekerjaan yang dilakukan dengan sedemikian rupa untuk memetik minat pekerja dengan mengadakan job enlargement yaitu praktek untuk memperluas isi daripada suatu pekerjaan yang meliputi jenis dan tugas dalam tingkat yang sama dan job enrichment yaitu praktek yang memberikan karyawan tingkat kebebasan yang lebih tinggi terhadap perencanaan dan pengorganisasian melalui implementasi kerja dan evaluasi hasil. (menurut Greenberg dan Baron (1996 : 163). Petra Christian University Library (www.digilib.petra.ac.id)
Banyak penelitian yang menghasilkan konsep dan teori baku tentang job design dengan pendekatan motivasi. Konsep dan teori tersebut telah banyak diadopsi oleh banyak organisasi di dunia dan terus mengalami perubahan sesuai dengan perubahan zaman. Salah satunya adalah konsep tentang job design dengan pendekatan motivasi adalah model survei Diagnostik Pekerjaan Hackman-oldman yang mengkombinasikan lima variabel karakteristik pekerjaan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan ini organisaai dapat mendesign pekerjaan dengan menggunakan karakteristik pekerjaan sebagai dasar kategori. Namun, sejalan dengan perubahan dan kebutuhan terutama pada era globalisasai, konsep hackman-oldman tidak mampu seluruhnya menjawab tantangan tersebut, untuk itu perlu diadakan modifikasi konsep job design. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan pengembangan model dan pendekatan job design dari setiap organisasi. Model baru ini muncul sebagai akibat dari pengaruh lingkungan dan munculnya kebutuhan baru dalam proses job design dari setiap organisasi tersebut. Namun model apapun yang digunakan oleh tiap organisasi tersebut, job design harus mampu mengakomodir kebutuhan individu dan organisasi dan mampu mencapai tujuan organisasi secara efektif dan efisien. Bahasan Artikel New Model of Job Design (www.scribd.com)
Job design dikaji dikaji melalui pendekatan scientific management. Atau terngiang satu tambahan kata saja di depan job design.efisiensi job design.
Dalam mencapai efisiensi yang tinggi seorang tenaga kerja dituntut untuk menguasai pekerjaannya. Bagaimana bisa si A mengurangi biaya produksi sepatu andai beliau tidak menguasai bagaimana cara memproduksi sepatu. Minimalisasi atau efisiensi job design diperoleh bila tenaga kerja yang bersangkutan hanya menangani suatu jenis pekerjaan tertentu dan tidak berganti. Ini berarti dilakukan spesialisasi tenaga kerja untuk setiap jenis pekerjaan. Seperti si B, yang hanya bekerja menangani administrasi kredit. Dengan spesialisasi pekerja dapat mengenal benar tugasnya sehingga memberikan output lebih baik dan tingkat kesalahan yang minimal. (id.shvoong.com)
Pengertian
¨ Desain pekerjaan (job design)adalah fungsi penetapan kegiatan kerja seorang atau sekelompok karyawan secara organisasional.
¨ Tujuannya untuk mengatur penugasan kerja supaya dapat memenuhi kebutuhan organisasi.
Elemen-elemen desain pekerjaan
¨ Elemen organisasional
- Pendekatan mekanistik
- Aliran kerja
- Praktek-praktek kerja
¨ Elemen lingkungan
- Kemampuan dan ketersediaan karyawan
- Pengharapan sosial
¨ Elemen keperilakuan
- Otonomi
- Variasi
- Identitas tugas
- Umpan balik
3. Trade-offs keperilakuan dan efisiensi
¨ Produktifitas versus Spesialisasi
¨ Kepuasan kerja versus Spesialisasi
¨ Proses belajar versus Spesialisasi
¨ Perputaran karyawan versus Spesialisasi
4. Teknik job re-design
¨ Simplifikasi pekerjaan
¨ Perluasan pekerjaan
CONTOH JOB DEISGN
PT Pancakarya Griyatama, a fast growing developer company is looking for qualified and highly motivated candidate to join our team for the post of :
Post Date: 11 Oct 10
Finance & Accounting Supervisor/Staff
* Female, not more than 35 year-old (Spv), 30 year-old (Staff)
* Working experience in similar field min. 3 years (Spv), min. 1 year (Staff)
* Min. Diploma in Economy/Management/Accounting/Tax from reputable university
* Fresh graduate are welcome
* Good knowledge in Tax, General Accounting and Costing
* For Supervisor, ability to lead a team will be required
* Computer literate, good interpersonal skill, able to work in a team and under pressure
* Good knowledge to make and analyze financial report
* Discipline, fast learner and proactive
* Able to work independently with a high accuracy, detail and carefully
* Willing to be placed in Jakarta / Tangerang / Cikarang
Please send your complete resume and recent photograph to :
hrd.trivogroup@ymail.com
or
Trivo Building 5th Floor
Jl. KH Wahid Hasyim No. 157
Jakarta Pusat 10240
Qualification : Diploma
Yr(s) Exp : 1 year
Job Location : DKI Jakarta
Salary : Not Specified / Negotiable
Job Type : Full Time
Job Category : Accounting > Accounting Staff / Supervisor
Accounting > Taxation
Banking / Finance > Corporate Finance
Map :
Jakarta Capital Region 10240, Indonesia
Enlarge Map
Minggu, 10 Oktober 2010
Minggu, 18 April 2010
Helpful and Harmful Effects of Technology
Techonolgy has helped people in many different ways. First of all, it allows them to make more things now than they did in the past. For example, 150 years ago, people and animals did most of the work on farms in the United States. Today, machines do most of the work on U.S. farms.
Another way techonology has helped people is by giving them more time to relax. Because machines can do so much work, people today do not have to work as hard as people in the past. Technology has also made work easier and safer.
Today, technology helps people meet goals that would have been impossible a hundred years ago. But it also presents great challengers, or issue to think about. One challenge is finding ways to end the harmful effects of techonolgy. Another is how to make sure the same problems won’t happen with new technologies.
Another problem with technology is that it lets people produce more powerful weapons. Such weapons make the world a more dangerous place.
The technolgy that helped bring about our modern society began about 200 years ago. At the time, more and more factories were built. These factories began using machines powered by steam. The machines could make things faster and often cheaper than people could make them by hand. This kind of technology affected people’s lives more and more. It has had both helpful and harmful effects on the world.
Computers and other machines have replaced people in the workplace. It’s often hard for these people to find new jobs.
Pollutions is one of the most harmful effects of modern technology. Many countries face air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Our technology also uses up many natural resources, such as oil, wood, and coal. Many of these resources cannot be replace after they are used.
Another way techonology has helped people is by giving them more time to relax. Because machines can do so much work, people today do not have to work as hard as people in the past. Technology has also made work easier and safer.
Today, technology helps people meet goals that would have been impossible a hundred years ago. But it also presents great challengers, or issue to think about. One challenge is finding ways to end the harmful effects of techonolgy. Another is how to make sure the same problems won’t happen with new technologies.
Another problem with technology is that it lets people produce more powerful weapons. Such weapons make the world a more dangerous place.
The technolgy that helped bring about our modern society began about 200 years ago. At the time, more and more factories were built. These factories began using machines powered by steam. The machines could make things faster and often cheaper than people could make them by hand. This kind of technology affected people’s lives more and more. It has had both helpful and harmful effects on the world.
Computers and other machines have replaced people in the workplace. It’s often hard for these people to find new jobs.
Pollutions is one of the most harmful effects of modern technology. Many countries face air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Our technology also uses up many natural resources, such as oil, wood, and coal. Many of these resources cannot be replace after they are used.
Abortion
For years, abortion has been an extremely controversial subject. One important aspect of the controversy is whether a woman should
Be permitted by law to have an abortion and, if so, under what circumstance. Another is whether, and to what extent laws should protect the unborn. People who wish to legally limit or forbid abortions describe themselves as ”Pro - life”. Those who believed that
a woman should have the right to have an abortion may refer to themselves as ”Pro – choice”.
Arguments against abortion are based on the belief that an abortion is the unjustified killing of an unborn child. Most people who oppose abortion believe that human life begins when a sperm fertilises an egg. Another argument against abortion is that laws allowing it on demand will increase irresponsible pregnancies and lead to disrespect for human life. The Roman Catholic Church is a chief opponent of abortion. Conservative branches of other religions also oppose abortion.
Many people approve of abortion under certain circumstance. Some aprrove of abortion if a woman’s life or health is endangered by her pregnancy. Other recommend abortion when there is danger that the child will be born with a serious mental or physical defect. They also approve of abortion when pregnancy has resulted from rape or incest.
Many people who think that a woman should have the right to choose to have an abortion distinguish between human life and personhood. They argue that personhood implies both the capacity for self conscious thought and acceptance as a member of a social community. These people believe a fetus is not a person and is thus not entitled to rights normally given to a person. Such pro – choice supporters agree with the view that birth represents the beginning of personhood.
Another pro – choice arguments is that legalising abortions has eliminated many illegal abortions performed by unskilled practitioners under unsanitary conditions. These abortions often caused deaths and permanent reproductive injuries. Abortion on demand also prevent many unwanted births and may thus be a factor in lowering infant and child abuse, neglect, and death rates. Also some argue that women should not have to bear unwanted children in a world of growing population and diminishing natural resources.
As a result of this controversy, abortion laws vary from country to country. In Russia, where abortion has been legal since 1920, it is allowed up to about the fourth month of pregnancy, purely of request, ans is commonly used as method of birth control. In some countries, such as the Philiphines, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, abortion is only allowed when pregnancy threatens the mother’s life. South Africa, New Zealand, and Hongkong allow abortion when the fetus is severely damaged. In the Republic of Ireland, the operation may only be performed when either the mother’s or baby’s life is in danger.
Taken From The World Book Encyclopedia, 1996
Be permitted by law to have an abortion and, if so, under what circumstance. Another is whether, and to what extent laws should protect the unborn. People who wish to legally limit or forbid abortions describe themselves as ”Pro - life”. Those who believed that
a woman should have the right to have an abortion may refer to themselves as ”Pro – choice”.
Arguments against abortion are based on the belief that an abortion is the unjustified killing of an unborn child. Most people who oppose abortion believe that human life begins when a sperm fertilises an egg. Another argument against abortion is that laws allowing it on demand will increase irresponsible pregnancies and lead to disrespect for human life. The Roman Catholic Church is a chief opponent of abortion. Conservative branches of other religions also oppose abortion.
Many people approve of abortion under certain circumstance. Some aprrove of abortion if a woman’s life or health is endangered by her pregnancy. Other recommend abortion when there is danger that the child will be born with a serious mental or physical defect. They also approve of abortion when pregnancy has resulted from rape or incest.
Many people who think that a woman should have the right to choose to have an abortion distinguish between human life and personhood. They argue that personhood implies both the capacity for self conscious thought and acceptance as a member of a social community. These people believe a fetus is not a person and is thus not entitled to rights normally given to a person. Such pro – choice supporters agree with the view that birth represents the beginning of personhood.
Another pro – choice arguments is that legalising abortions has eliminated many illegal abortions performed by unskilled practitioners under unsanitary conditions. These abortions often caused deaths and permanent reproductive injuries. Abortion on demand also prevent many unwanted births and may thus be a factor in lowering infant and child abuse, neglect, and death rates. Also some argue that women should not have to bear unwanted children in a world of growing population and diminishing natural resources.
As a result of this controversy, abortion laws vary from country to country. In Russia, where abortion has been legal since 1920, it is allowed up to about the fourth month of pregnancy, purely of request, ans is commonly used as method of birth control. In some countries, such as the Philiphines, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, abortion is only allowed when pregnancy threatens the mother’s life. South Africa, New Zealand, and Hongkong allow abortion when the fetus is severely damaged. In the Republic of Ireland, the operation may only be performed when either the mother’s or baby’s life is in danger.
Taken From The World Book Encyclopedia, 1996
Minggu, 28 Maret 2010
Active&passive sentences
1. Passive Sentence
Dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif layaknya bahasa Indonesia. Pada kalimat aktif (active sentence) subjek melakukan pekerjaan terhadap objek. Sementara pada kalimat pasif (Passive sentence) objek dilakui pekerjaan oleh subjek.
Pada bahasa Inggris bentuk pasif ditandai dengan to be + V3.
Perhatikan Ulasan berikut!
Present simple
Rumus: am/is/are + V3
Contoh:
Active : Somebody holds a ceremony. (Seseorang menyelenggarakan sebuah upacara)
Passive : A ceremony is held by somebody. (sebuah upacara diselenggarakan oleh seseorang)
Contoh lain:
Some traditional celebrations are still celebrated by villagers. (beberapa perayaan tradisional masih dirayakan oleh penduduk desa)
Many legends are told by old people. (banyak legenda diceritakan oleh orang baya)
Past simple
Rumus: was/were + V3
Contoh:
Active : The King of Majapahit built the castle.
Passive : The castle was built by the King of Majapahit. (istana itu dibangun oleh raja Majapahit)
Contoh lain:
The village was destroyed by a great disaster. (desa itu dihancurkan oleh bencana besar)
The boat was kicked by Sangkuriang. (perahu itu ditendang oleh sangkuriang)
Active / Passive Verb Forms
Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
The professor teaches the student.
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
The student are taught by the professor
sumber : http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html
Dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif layaknya bahasa Indonesia. Pada kalimat aktif (active sentence) subjek melakukan pekerjaan terhadap objek. Sementara pada kalimat pasif (Passive sentence) objek dilakui pekerjaan oleh subjek.
Pada bahasa Inggris bentuk pasif ditandai dengan to be + V3.
Perhatikan Ulasan berikut!
Present simple
Rumus: am/is/are + V3
Contoh:
Active : Somebody holds a ceremony. (Seseorang menyelenggarakan sebuah upacara)
Passive : A ceremony is held by somebody. (sebuah upacara diselenggarakan oleh seseorang)
Contoh lain:
Some traditional celebrations are still celebrated by villagers. (beberapa perayaan tradisional masih dirayakan oleh penduduk desa)
Many legends are told by old people. (banyak legenda diceritakan oleh orang baya)
Past simple
Rumus: was/were + V3
Contoh:
Active : The King of Majapahit built the castle.
Passive : The castle was built by the King of Majapahit. (istana itu dibangun oleh raja Majapahit)
Contoh lain:
The village was destroyed by a great disaster. (desa itu dihancurkan oleh bencana besar)
The boat was kicked by Sangkuriang. (perahu itu ditendang oleh sangkuriang)
Active / Passive Verb Forms
Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples:
The professor teaches the student.
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
The student are taught by the professor
sumber : http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html
Rabu, 10 Maret 2010
Command&request
Command and Request
definition and example
-A command is a sentence that orders someone to do something. It ends with a period(.) or an exclamation mark(!)
Example:
Go to your school !
Call the police!
-A request is a sentence that asks someone to do something. It ends with a period (.) or a question mark(?).
Example:
Could you cLose the door?
Please close the door.
Usually we are told in the language or command to do something called a command line / request (Command and Request).
“The words” messenger thats plus with “lah” and ends with an exclamation point (!) Is like “duduklah!” or “pergilah!”.
In English, the word “Lah” did not exist. So if we want to get someone to do something, only the verb are placed in front of the sentence itself is getting the meaning of “Lah” in the sentence.
example:
Come here! It means let’s here!
Try to speak in english! That means try to speak English!
Study diligently! Means diligently learn!
If the sentence is not a verb, then use “be” in front of the sentence because it is the verb to be. But this “be” has nothing mean / translation.
example:
Be good to her! Well-meaning very well to him!
Be diligent! Means to be diligent!
Sumber :
http://www.wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id
definition and example
-A command is a sentence that orders someone to do something. It ends with a period(.) or an exclamation mark(!)
Example:
Go to your school !
Call the police!
-A request is a sentence that asks someone to do something. It ends with a period (.) or a question mark(?).
Example:
Could you cLose the door?
Please close the door.
Usually we are told in the language or command to do something called a command line / request (Command and Request).
“The words” messenger thats plus with “lah” and ends with an exclamation point (!) Is like “duduklah!” or “pergilah!”.
In English, the word “Lah” did not exist. So if we want to get someone to do something, only the verb are placed in front of the sentence itself is getting the meaning of “Lah” in the sentence.
example:
Come here! It means let’s here!
Try to speak in english! That means try to speak English!
Study diligently! Means diligently learn!
If the sentence is not a verb, then use “be” in front of the sentence because it is the verb to be. But this “be” has nothing mean / translation.
example:
Be good to her! Well-meaning very well to him!
Be diligent! Means to be diligent!
Sumber :
http://www.wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id
Modal Auxliaries
MODAL AUXILIARIES
Modal auxiliary verbs give more information about the function of the main verb that follows it.
ABILITY
Can Can Ofter Could Ofter Can Ofter
Be able to am Was Shall
is Were Will
are
PERMISSION
May May Might Ofter May
Might Might
Can Can Could Ofter Can
Could Could
OBLIGATION
ADVISABILITY
Should Should Ofter Should Have Should Ofter
Offered
Ought to Ought to Ofter Ought to have Ought to Ofter
Offered
NECESSITY
Must Must Ofter Had to Ofter Must Ofter
Have to Have Had to Ofter Will
Has Shall
POSSIBILITY
May May May May
Might Might Might
Examples :
ABILITY
Can you type?
When I was young, I could/was able to climb any tree in the forest.
Our Baby will be able to walk in a few weeks.
PERMISSION
I may leave the office as soon as I have finished.
Can I have a drink of water?
In those days, anyone could enroll for this course.
May I bring my niece to your party tomorrow night?
OBLIGATION (What one is expected to do)
You Should / Ought to do your homework every day.
John should have gone to dentist yesterday.
*) should and ought to, used for obligation, normally have the same meaning but should is the
more usual form
ADVISABILITY( What is wise for one to do)
She should/ ought to eat less if she wants to lose weight.
You should/ ought to study hard if you want to pass examinations.
NECESSITY
This an excellent book. You must/have to read it.
*) MUST is generally felt stronger than HAVE TO.
POSSIBILITY
Tom may lend you the money.
If you invited him, he might come.
If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
Sumber : Digital books Gunadarma.
Modal auxiliary verbs give more information about the function of the main verb that follows it.
ABILITY
Can Can Ofter Could Ofter Can Ofter
Be able to am Was Shall
is Were Will
are
PERMISSION
May May Might Ofter May
Might Might
Can Can Could Ofter Can
Could Could
OBLIGATION
ADVISABILITY
Should Should Ofter Should Have Should Ofter
Offered
Ought to Ought to Ofter Ought to have Ought to Ofter
Offered
NECESSITY
Must Must Ofter Had to Ofter Must Ofter
Have to Have Had to Ofter Will
Has Shall
POSSIBILITY
May May May May
Might Might Might
Examples :
ABILITY
Can you type?
When I was young, I could/was able to climb any tree in the forest.
Our Baby will be able to walk in a few weeks.
PERMISSION
I may leave the office as soon as I have finished.
Can I have a drink of water?
In those days, anyone could enroll for this course.
May I bring my niece to your party tomorrow night?
OBLIGATION (What one is expected to do)
You Should / Ought to do your homework every day.
John should have gone to dentist yesterday.
*) should and ought to, used for obligation, normally have the same meaning but should is the
more usual form
ADVISABILITY( What is wise for one to do)
She should/ ought to eat less if she wants to lose weight.
You should/ ought to study hard if you want to pass examinations.
NECESSITY
This an excellent book. You must/have to read it.
*) MUST is generally felt stronger than HAVE TO.
POSSIBILITY
Tom may lend you the money.
If you invited him, he might come.
If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
Sumber : Digital books Gunadarma.
Senin, 15 Februari 2010
Adjective Clause
Adjective clause
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival clause—will meet three requirements. First, it will contain a subject and verb. Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why]. Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering questions such as: What kind? How many? or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
Relative Pronoun [or Relative Adverb] + Subject + Verb = Dependent Clause
Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb = Dependent Clause
Examples include:
-
Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
Word Class
Word
Relative Pronoun
Whose
Subject
eyes
Verb
pleaded
-
Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie
Word Class
Word
Relative Adverb
Why
Subject
Fred
Verb
Can stand
-
That bounced onto the kitchen floor
Word Class
Word
Relative Pronoun
that
Verb
Bounced
-
Who hiccuped for seven hours afterward
Word Class
Word
Relative Pronoun
Who
Verb
Hiccuped
Adjective Clause Sentences:
( When we use who / that in a relative clause when we are talking about people.)
Example,
We are Seeking a Transpot Manager.
A Transport manager will be responsible for coordinating the effective movement of the Palm Oil And kernel we produce from our Mill at the estate to our Bulking Facility near Samarinda.
We are seeking a Transport Manager who will be responsible for coordinating the effective movement of the Palm Oil and Kernel we produce from our Mill at the estate to our Bulking facility near Samarinda.
The clauses in italics are adjectives clauses. An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies or gives further information about a noun.
( An adjective clause is also called a relative clause.)
Adjective Clause Sentences:
( When we are talking about things, we use that in a relative clause. We use that instead of if / they).
Example,
We are a human health care ( hhc ) company – Japanese pharmaceutical organisation.
The organisation seeks to discover and develop innovative therapies.
The therapies can satisfy unmet medical needs and contribute to the health and well being of people worldwide.
We are a human health care ( hhc ) company – Japanese pharmaceutical organisation that seeks to discover and develope innovative therapies that can satisfy unmet medical needs and contribute to the health and well being of people worldwide.
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